2022-07-14: News Headlines

____ (2022-07-14). China's digital RMB notches $12.35 billion in transactions in first 5 months. ecns.cn China's digital RMB transactions in 15 provinces reached about 83 billion yuan ($12.35 billion) at the end of May this year, under the joint efforts of the central bank and local governments, said Zou Lan, head of the financial market department of the People's Bank of China, on Wednesday.

Labor Video Project (2022-07-14). WorkWeek Rally Against Billionaire John Fisher's Stadium & Prisoners Strike Over $1 Wage. indybay.org WorkWeek on 7-7-22 covers rally against billionaire John Fisher's stadium & Immigrant prisoners strike over $1 A Day, and rally to top the extradition of journalist Julian Assange on his birthday…

Peoples Dispatch (2022-07-14). Daily Round-up | Unions extend national strike against rising inflation in Panama & other stories. peoplesdispatch.org In today's episode we bring you the latest from the strike in Panama, the extension of aid to reben-held areas in Syria, the impact of emissions from the US, and a WHO warning on COVID-19…

Arjae Red (2022-07-14). Striking Starbucks workers turn up the heat. workers.org Striking Starbucks workers and members of WWP Buffalo and Atlanta branches demonstrate against unfair labor practices outside Starbucks at 3611 Delaware Ave, Buffalo, New York, July 8. Buffalo, New York Buffalo Starbucks workers at the 3611 Delaware Ave. location went on strike July 8 against Unfair Labor Practices and union-repression . . . |

Laborfest (2022-07-14). Thursday 7/14: KPOO WorkWeek Radio Focuses On Life of California Labor Communist Elaine Yoneda Black. indybay.org KPOO Radio 89.5 FM or www.kpoo.com

Newsnetwork.mayoclinic (2022-07-14). Mayo Clinic receives first-of-its-kind accreditation for diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org ROCHESTER, Minn. — Mayo Clinic's Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, the academic testing arm for Mayo Clinic Laboratories, has been accredited as a diagnostic site by the PCD Foundation. Mayo Clinic is the first and only center of excellence to receive PCD Foundation accreditation for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia, a rare and debilitating lung disease. "This recognition of our laboratory services by the PCD Foundation is a clear reflection of our shared commitment to…

WSWS (2022-07-14). 1,200 Buffalo nursing home workers conduct two one-day strikes. wsws.org Healthcare workers in 12 Western New York nursing homes are battling low wages and staffing shortages.

WSWS (2022-07-14). After inflation hike, US Fed set for major interest rate increase. wsws.org According to a report in the Wall Street Journal yesterday afternoon futures markets were pricing in a 79 percent chance of a full percentage point interest rate increase by the Fed compared to just 8 percent the day before.

WSWS (2022-07-14). "Organize a 'no' vote among your coworkers": Open letter from an Indianapolis Kroger worker. wsws.org The World Socialist Web Site received the following letter from a Kroger worker in Indianapolis, where workers are oting this week on a second tentative agreement brought by the United Food and Commercial Workers union.

Suheir Sheikh (2022-07-14). June inflation data shows a new surge in prices. america.cgtn.com U.S. President Joe Biden insists the June inflation data showing another surge in prices over the past month doesn't reflect declining gasoline prices. Inflation is at a 40-year high and heading towards double digits. Owen Fairclough reports on price rises hitting just about every aspect …

____ (2022-07-13). China's exports expected to keep stable growth. ecns.cn China's exports are expected to maintain stable growth during the second half of the year as trade activity continues to vitalize, providing stronger support to overall economic expansion, according to trade experts and economists on Wednesday.

____ (2022-07-13). China to take further steps for job growth and employment stability. ecns.cn China will introduce stronger policy steps to keep payrolls stable and boost job creation in an effort to stabilize overall employment, according to the decision made at the State Council's Executive Meeting chaired by Premier Li Keqiang on Wednesday.

WSWS (2022-07-14). Questions remain unanswered after New York City nuclear war alert. wsws.org Two days after the July 11 release of a public service announcement by New York City's office of emergency management for the case of a nuclear attack, there has been no serious explanation given for this extraordinary step taken by the administration of America's largest city, which is home to almost 8.5 million people and the country's financial center, Wall Street.

____ (2022-07-13). 1st antechamber exchange session held in HKSAR to enhance executive-legislative collaboration. ecns.cn Led by John Lee, chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), a team of top government officials of the HKSAR attended the first antechamber exchange session held in the Legislative Council (LegCo) of the HKSAR on Wednesday.

WSWS (2022-07-14). "The cost of living is tearing us apart"—Inflation rate in US hits 9.1 percent. wsws.org The rate of inflation in the United States hit 9.1 percent in June, with consumer prices rising at the fastest pace since November 1981.

____ (2022-07-13). U.S. laboratory Quest Diagnostics starts monkeypox testing. ecns.cn U.S. clinical laboratory Quest Diagnostics started testing for monkeypox on Wednesday, part of the U.S. efforts to expand testing capacity to address increase of monkeypox cases.

Newsnetwork.mayoclinic (2022-07-14). Patients with severe brachial plexus injuries who undergo amputation report benefits, Mayo study finds. newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org ROCHESTER, Minn. — Reconstruction surgery may not work for some people with severe brachial plexus injuries, so they choose to undergo amputation. In a retrospective review by Mayo Clinic researchers, these patients reported less mechanical shoulder pain, higher employment rates and more satisfaction after amputation. The paper appears online in The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery. The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that sends signals from the spinal cord to the shoulder,…

WSWS (2022-07-14). Publisher's lawsuit seeks to take down Internet Archive's digital lending library. wsws.org Four of the largest corporate publishing giants are pursuing a lawsuit against the Internet Archive, a non-profit digital library dedicated to universal access to all knowledge.

Hans Steiger (2022-07-14). Plunder less and do more to preserve the one world. indybay.org It is downright absurd that in our latitudes, half a century after "Limits to Growth" and a cascade of catastrophic ecological reports, every dip in economic growth rates is perceived as negative, even dramatic. Immediately shore up, revive, that's what politicians and the media seem to agree on.

____ (2022-07-13). Euro falls to parity with USD, hitting 20-year low. ecns.cn For the first time in two decades, the euro on Tuesday falls to parity with the U.S. dollar, meaning one U.S. dollar is equal in value to one euro.

Editor (2022-07-13). Real debt trap: Sri Lanka owes vast majority to West, not China. mronline.org Sri Lanka owes 81% of its external debt to US and European financial institutions and Western allies Japan and India. China owns just 10%. But Washington blames imaginary "Chinese debt traps" for the nation's crisis, as it considers a 17th IMF structural adjustment program.

Scorinoco (2022-07-13). Sri Lanka Crisis: Opposition Parties to Discuss Formation of All-Party Interim Government, Speaker Announces Presidential Election. orinocotribune.com Sri Lanka's Opposition parties resumed talks on Monday, July 11, to discuss the formation of an all-party interim government after the president and prime minister offered to resign as unprecedented protests broke out and thousands of enraged demonstrators stormed the leaders' homes over their mishandling of the country's worst economic crisis. | President Gotabaya Rajapaksa officially informed Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe on Monday that he will resign as previously announced on Wednesday after protesters stormed his official residence, calling for him to step down over his handling of the country's dire e…

Internationalist 360 ∞ (2022-07-13). Europe Dances on the Titanic. libya360.wordpress.com Fabrizio Casari 140 days after the start of Russia's military operations in Ukraine, the Western reaction, which according to Biden would have erased Russia from the international scene, turns out to be a political and economic failure, the most serious and profound in the history of American and European arrogance. The boomerang effect of the…

Vijay Prashad (2022-07-13). On Marxism and Decolonisation. orinocotribune.com By Vijay Prashad &#1 ; 0, 2022 | In 1959, one of the revolutionary leaders in Cuba, Haydée Santamaria, a hundred years old this year, arrived at a cultural centre in the heart of Havana, Cuba. This building, the revolutionaries decided, would be committed to the promotion of Latin American art and culture and it would become — eventually — a beacon for the progressive transformation of the hemisphere's cultural world. Renamed the Casa de las Américas, the home of the Americas, it would become the heartbeat of cultural developments from Chile to Mexico. Art saturates the walls of the house and in…

Nora Barrows-Friedman (2022-07-13). California professors fight Palestine exception to free speech. electronicintifada.net North Orange County Community College district removed faculty letter mourning assassination of journalist Shireen Abu Akleh.

_____ (2022-07-13). A Stronger Russia Humiliates the West. journal-neo.org When Russia was arbitrarily excluded from the 'Group of eight' (G8) in 2014, many in the West saw this as a step toward a more cohesive western bloc — the so-called G7 — that could collectively — and effectively — counter Russia through a homogenous response combining economic and military means. The response the West …

_____ (2022-07-13). Russia and Turkey Fight the West's Grain Crisis Together. journal-neo.org As the leaders of Russia and Turkey have repeatedly pointed out, the state of Russian-Turkish relations over the last 10 years has been a real strategic breakthrough. During this period, the volume of economic ties has increased more than 30-fold and it affects completely different spheres, including food security. It was food security that was …

_____ (2022-07-13). Visualizing The Economic Veins That Fuel Our Carceral Reality. popularresistance.org The contemporary US prison system incarcerates people — largely Black, Native, Latinx, disabled, and working-class and poor folks — and hides them from society for years, decades, or lifetimes. This is true across the United States generally and in Massachusetts, specifically. These days, when discussing the case against incarceration and the prison system, there are a few different arguments one tends to hear: (1) the first is that incarceration is immoral and reprehensible in both its conditions and treatment of incarcerated people; (2) a second, appealing to economists and technocratic policymakers…

_____ (2022-07-13). Wars, Inflation, And Strikes: A Summer Of Discontent In Europe? popularresistance.org Are we heading toward a summer of discontent in Europe? Can we foresee a hot autumn on the Continent? It would be hasty to make such statements, but new strike activity is beginning to unfold among sectors of several countries' working class. Inflation reached 8.8 percent as a European average in May (with higher rates in countries like the UK and Spain). After years of inflation below 1.5 percent, this is a significant change that is causing a fall in the population's purchasing power, especially among the working class. Many analysts are already talking about the possibility of stagflation: a combination of rec…

_____ (2022-07-13). Militant Trade Unionism Makes A Comeback In The UK. popularresistance.org 200,000 workers, trade unionists, progressive activists and more gathered at the Durham Miners' Gala on July 9 after a two year hiatus due to COVID-19 regulations. The festival organized by Durham Miners' Association featured speakers such as Mick Lynch from the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT), Sharon Graham of Unite, Jo Grady from University and Colleges Union (UCU), Patrick Roach from teachers' union NASUWT, and Yvette Williams from Justice4Grenfell. | This year's Gala was dedicated to all essential workers who risked their lives to keep society running during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Staff (2022-07-13). President Maduro Announces Erdogan's Upcoming Visit to Venezuela. orinocotribune.com The president of Tàºrkiye (Turkey), Recep Tayyip Erdogan, will visit Venezuela in the coming days, announced the Venezuelan head of state Nicolás Maduro this Tuesday, July 12. This was reported during a ceremony paying homage to the ambassador of the Republic of Tàºrkiye to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, ≈ûevki Màºtevellioƒülu, who is wrapping up his tenure in the country. With the visit of the Turkish president, a greater economic growth of the South American nation is envisioned, Maduro indicated. | "In the days to come we will be receiving President Erdo&f…

Peoples Dispatch (2022-07-13). Bolivian prosecutors suspend Camacho's hearing in coup case following death threats. peoplesdispatch.org The governor of the Santa Cruz department, Luis Fernando Camacho, who was the president of the far-right Pro Santa Cruz Civic Committee in 2019, was one of the main promoters of the violent and racist demonstrations against the socialist government of former President Evo Morales in October 2019…

Michael Hudson (2022-07-13). From junk economics to a false view of history: where Western Civilization took a wrong turn. mronline.org It may seem strange to invite an economist to give a keynote speech to a conference of the social sciences. Economists have been characterized as autistic and anti-social in the popular press for good reason.

Dana Sanchez (2022-07-13). American Inflation Keeps Surging As CPI Shows 9.1% Increase In June, Highest Since 1981. moguldom.com Inflation increased more than expected in June, up 9.1 percent compared to a year ago as rising prices continued to put pressure on consumers and slow down the economy, the Department of Labor reported on July 7. The consumer price index (CPI) for June blew past the 8.8 percent Dow Jones estimate, marking another month of the …

Karen Conner (2022-07-13). Soaring Gas Prices Pushed Inflation to 1.3 Percent in June. cepr.net It is hard to feel good about this report, but with wage growth slowing sharply in the last six months to around 4.0 percent, it's hard to see how an inflation rate north of 9.0 percent can be sustained.

Staff (2022-07-13). China and Russia Dominate Global Nuclear Energy Market. orinocotribune.com China and Russia dominate the market of new nuclear reactors just when rising energy prices present a major new opportunity for the industry, says the International Energy Agency (IEA). | China and Russia have built 87% of the nuclear reactors that have been installed since 2017, while the UK, US, France and Canada together accounted for just 10%, according to a new IEA report. | IEA notes that this represents a loss of leadership for Western powers…

Dominique McGee (2022-07-13). Chief of Strategy and Partnerships. peoplesaction.org About People's Action/Institute People's Action Institute ( 1c3), and sister organization People's Action ( 1c4), are national progressive organizations supporting the mobilization and leadership of the grassroots in support of an agenda that reflects people over profits. People's Action/Institute builds the power of poor and working people in rural, suburban, and urban areas to win change through …

____ (2022-07-13). Xinjiang official slams U.S. suppression. ecns.cn The United States' malicious attempts to suppress China have caused a huge blow to the global photovoltaic industry and there is no so-called forced labor in any enterprise in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, a spokesman for the regional government said.

WSWS (2022-07-13). GM Subsystems workers denounce poverty wages as UAW pushes deal with substandard pay and benefits. wsws.org Workers employed by the General Motors subsidiary GM Subsystems voted on a contract Tuesday after the United Auto Workers kept them on the job 14 months after the expiration of their last contract.

Staff (2022-07-13). Nuestra divisa es la unidad. cubadebate.cu Hoy nos convoca la presentación de una interesante y útil antología sobre feminismos. Y un primer espacio en estas reflexiones a propósito del libro Mujeres en Revolución. Coordenadas para un feminismo cubano socialista, es para agradecer a su compiladora, Karima Oliva, por haberlo hecho posible.

WSWS (2022-07-13). Further rail strikes announced amid UK Tory leadership contest. wsws.org The great task that must be resolved is to break through the political disenfranchisement and demobilisation of the working class by the combined forces of the Labour Party and the trade union bureaucracy.

____ (2022-07-13). Growth remains resilient despite COVID-19, geopolitical issues. ecns.cn Despite challenges and pressure from the COVID-19 epidemic and geopolitical tensions, China's economy remains resilient, and the country has plenty of policy tools to maintain sustained and healthy economic development, experts said.

Staff (2022-07-13). Hunger to worsen in Haiti as gang violence escalates. en.mehrnews.com TEHRAN, Jul. 13 (MNA) — Hunger is set to worsen in Haiti amid worsening gang violence, high costs of food and rising inflation, the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) has warned.

____ (2022-07-13). RT Produced Yet Another MGIMO Graduate Attempting "Analysis". smoothiex12.blogspot.com Make no mistake, I have a deep respect for people who study foreign counties and have a command of their native language. Especially if such a country is China–a giant of a country with a very complex culture and a gigantic economy. In fact, by sheer size–by far the largest economy in the world. When speaking about China most of the time I defer to Sinologists, except for one field and this one is military. RT, presents us with such a Sinologist like

____ (2022-07-13). Xi encourages young people across the Taiwan Strait to strive for national rejuvenation. ecns.cn Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, on Monday encouraged young people across the Taiwan Strait to jointly strive for the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation. He made the remarks in a letter replying to young people from China's Taiwan who were attending the Straits Youth Forum.

Staff (2022-07-13). US inflation hits 9.1%, its highest rate in 40 years. en.mehrnews.com President Joe Biden criticised the latest data showing US inflation had last month reached a 40-year high and said the figure failed to account for the "nearly 30 days of decreases in gas prices".

____ (2022-07-13). China grants nearly 1 mln valid invention patents to digital economy. ecns.cn By the end of 2021, the number of effective invention patents in the core sectors of China's digital economy reached 977,000, accounting for 35.2 percent of the country's total effective patents, said the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) on Tuesday.

____ (2022-07-13). China's new round of bulk procurement sees drug prices drop 48 pct. ecns.cn Medicines selected in the seventh round of the Chinese government's centralized drug-procurement program will be 48 percent cheaper than usual, on average, for public health facilities that purchase them.

WSWS (2022-07-13). Australian governments reject health advice amid COVID-19 surge. wsws.org The newly elected federal Labor government is not merely continuing the homicidal "let it rip" policies, but deepening the attacks on the health and lives of the working class.

WSWS (2022-07-13). During US visit, Australian defence minister outlines massive military build-up. wsws.org Marles pledged that the Australian Labor government would do everything it could to "strengthen the US alliance," as the Biden administration wages its proxy war against Russia and prepares conflict with China.

____ (2022-07-13). Hong Kong to utilize mainland connections. ecns.cn The government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is committed to developing the innovation and technology industry by leveraging mainland connectivity that can propel economic transformation and diversification in the city.

Betsey Piette (2022-07-13). Who really profits from 'forced labor'? workers.org W. F. Ramsey prison farm in Brazoria County, Texas, 1965 First signed by President Joe Biden in December, the "Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act" took effect June 23. Under this latest anti-China measure, all goods made in Xinjiang province are banned, unless the importer can demonstrate the imports were produced . . . |

WSWS (2022-07-13). Mounting uncertainty over effects of central banks' tightening policies. wsws.org The move to tighten monetary policy through interest rate increases and the reduction of asset holdings is producing gyrations in financial markets because no one has any real idea of where it will lead.

Josh Bivens (2022-07-13). Triggering a Recession Is Not the Solution to Fight Inflation. commondreams.org The costs of recession are not simply limited to those workers who lose a job— they're incredibly widespread across the workforce.

Freedom Socialist Party Bay Area (2022-07-13). Wednesday 7/13: Labor History Online Discussion Group – Session 5: Beyond "Bread & Butter" indybay.org Zoom (Register at http: //bit.ly/FSFD-Labor)…

Staff (2022-07-13). Karla Santana: La FEU y los sueños (+ Video). cubadebate.cu Karla Santana se define como fidelista, martiana, comunista y, sobre todo, cree en las utopías. Esos principios han sido su impulso desde que tiene memoria. Son, también, su asidero en las funciones de dirección nacional de la Federación de Estudiantes Universitarios, organización que este 2022 cumple 100 años y desarrolla su X Congreso. Sobre su labor al frente de la FEU, sus aspiraciones e inquietudes, la dirigente estudiantil dialogó con Cubadebate.

_____ (2022-07-12). How Shinzo Abe Whitewashed Genocidal Imperial Crimes. popularresistance.org Japan's longest serving prime minister, Shinzo Abe tried to rewrite the history of the fascist Japanese empire and its genocidal crimes. And he and his Nazi-collaborating grandfather enjoyed staunch Western support. | After World War II, the US government pardoned and recruited many of the fascists who had led imperial Japan, putting in power war criminals who had committed genocide in China, Korea, and Southeast Asia, carrying out biological warfare, human experimentation, and mass sexual slavery. | Multipolarista editor Benjamin Norton discusses how Japan's political system still today is a one-party right-wing…

_____ (2022-07-12). A 'Tax The Rich' Climate Protest Shuts Down The East Hampton Airport. popularresistance.org New York – East Hampton Town police arrested six people today (July 11) protesting higher taxes for the wealthy outside the East Hampton airport. The demonstration was organized by advocacy group New York Communities for Change, the latest in a series of Hamptons protests over the past few days. | New York Communities for Change is focused on climate emissions caused by wealthy Hampton residents. Around 25 people gathered outside the airport this morning, holding signs that read "tax the rich" and "make billionaires pay." In addition to linking arms in front of the entrance, one demonstrator stood atop a wooden t…

_____ (2022-07-12). In Chile, We Have The Opportunity To Build An Economy To Overcome Fear. popularresistance.org Following the election of a progressive government in Chile earlier this year, the country has been debating a new constitution written under revolutionary conditions: by a convention with gender equality, representation of Indigenous peoples, and with many members from environmental justice movements. As the draft is finalized ahead of a referendum in September, social media across the country has been awash with 'explainer' posts and videos in favor of the new texts — and debunking misinformation telling people that their pensions will be expropriated, for example. Most of the pro-constitution posts boil…

_____ (2022-07-12). Valuing Nature Through Lens Of Profit Puts It At Risk, Assessment Finds. popularresistance.org The IPBES Assessment Report on the Diverse Conceptualization of the Multiple Values of Nature and Its Benefits was approved on Saturday by representatives of the organization's 139 member states. The approval came days after the IPBES — which is considered the IPCC of biodiversity — approved another report showing just how much humanity relies on wild species. The most recent report is the work of four years and 82 experts from around the world. It follows a 2019 IPBES report warning that one million species are at risk of extinction, partly because of the drive to economic growth. It also comes ahead…

_____ (2022-07-12). The End Of Western Civilization. popularresistance.org The greatest challenge facing societies has always been how to conduct trade and credit without letting merchants and creditors make money by exploiting their customers and debtors. All antiquity recognized that the drive to acquire money is addictive and indeed tends to be exploitative and hence socially injurious. The moral values of most societies opposed selfishness, above all in the form of avarice and wealth addiction, which the Greeks called philarguria— love of money, silver-mania. Individuals and families indulging in conspicuous consumption tended to be ostracized, because it was recognized that w…

Editor (2022-07-12). Newsom Plans to Bring Affordable Insulin to California. scheerpost.com By Dean Baker / Center for Economic and Policy Research California's Governor, Gavin Newsom, announced plans last week for the state to set up its own manufacturing facility to produce low-cost insulin for California residents. This is a great idea. Insulin is an old drug that can be produced as a cheap generic, which is the case …

Ann Brown (2022-07-12). The Rise And Fall Of Black Business Power In Chicago: 13 Things To Know. moguldom.com There was a time when Chicago was the place for Black businesses to thrive. During the 1970s especially, the Windy City was a virtual Back business powerhouse but the landscape changed. By the 1990s, Black-owned businesses were on the decline as a result of disinvestment, globalization and the nationalization of local businesses. Before the businesses …

Jamanetwork (2022-07-12). Pharmacogenomic Testing for Next-Step Antidepressant Selection. jamanetwork.com Among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), less than 40% achieve clinical remission after an initial treatment with an antidepressant. For those who do not improve after 2 or more antidepressant treatment trials (ie, treatment-resistant depression), the rates of remission are less than 20%. Because each of these failed treatments translates to several months of prolonged illness, a series of multiple ineffective treatments contributes to the substantial disability and morbidity associated with MDD, as well as to an increase in the suicide risk. There is a critical need for validated biomarkers to predic…

F. William Engdahl (2022-07-12). El tsunami financiero global planificado acaba de comenzar. globalizacion.ca Desde la creación de la Reserva Federal de EE. UU. hace más de un siglo, todos los colapsos importantes de los mercados financieros han sido provocados deliberadamente por motivos políticos por parte del banco central. La situación no es diferente…

Jamanetwork (2022-07-12). Nonauthor Collaborator Supplement. jamanetwork.com The Original Investigation titled "Effects of Liberal vs Restrictive Transfusion Thresholds on Survival and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants: The ETTNO Randomized Clinical Trial," published in the August 11, 2020, issue of JAMA, has been corrected to include the nonauthor collaborator names in a supplement.

Jamanetwork (2022-07-12). Improvements in Hospital Adverse Event Rates. jamanetwork.com Despite 22 years to address the issues about patient safety revealed by To Err Is Human, iatrogenic injury remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. These adverse outcomes do not result from physicians and other clinicians intentionally harming patients, but reflect systematic failures, including insufficient investment in research and metrics, lack of safety technology innovations, limited infrastructure to deliver high-quality care, and inconsistent adherence to clinical practice guidelines.

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